1. What are the ideas obtained from this description by Roger Bacon ,who lived in England
in the 13th century ?
• Rationalism
• Knowledge
• Love
2. Examine the characteristic features of these changes in 14 th Century ?
• Humanism
• Growth of urban life
• Monetary economy
• Progress of trade
• Importance gained by regional languages
• Rise of nation states
• Individual liberty
• Rationalism
• Changes in the realms of art and science
3. What is Humanism ?
• Its a way of thinking that emphasis the importance of Human life rather than
religious ideas.
4. What is Renaissance ?
• The word "Renaissance" means "rebirth." It denotes the revival of
ancient Greco-Roman culture, which began around the 14th century.
5. Identify the cities that existed in medieval Italy ?
• Milan
• Genoa
• Pisa
• Parma
• Florence
• Venice
• Bologna
• Naples
• Rome
6.Cities in Italy were different from the rest in Europe.Give reasons ?
• They were more independent, wealthy, and dynamic.
• Traders in these cities were well aware about banking and insurance.
• Some of them had expertise in technical matters of trade, such as book keeping.
• Many of them had become extremely wealthy through trade.
7. What are the reasons led to the emergence and domination of the new wealthy class in Italy ?
• Disintegration of the medieval feudal system.
• Decline of the religious supremacy.
8.Tabulate the Italian families and Cities
Medici - Florence
Sforza - Milan
Farnese - Parma
Orsini - Naples
Visconti - Milan
9. Italian cities were wealthier compared to other European cities. Describe the circumstances thatled to this ?
• The Crusades that took place during the medieval period facilitated cultural
exchange between the East and the West.
• Italian cities got acquainted with the cultures, cities, and lives of the people in the Eastern world. This accelerated the growth of Italian cities.
• As a result of trade links with the Islamic Empire and the Byzantine (Eastern
Roman) Empire, enormous wealth flowed into the Italian cities.
• Merchants in Italian citiesgained monopoly in the trade between the East and the West in the Mediterranean
10.What is “ Black Death” ?
• The Bubonic Plague, which erupted in the mid-14th century, severely affected the Italian cities. This catastrophic event, known as the 'Black Death,'
11. Discuss the impact brought about by the outbreak of the plague in 14th century in various fields in Europe ?
• Declined medieval feudalism.
• It was heavily reliant on the agricultural sector.
• Emergence of middle class.
• People began to explore the medical sciences of ancient Greece and Rome.
• Human beings to contemplate the fleeting nature of life, seek wellness, and focus on their own well - being.
• Emergence of humanism.
12. Assess the impact of the conquest of Constantinople by the Turks on the intellectual landscape
of Italy ?
• Constantinople was a centre of many scholars who possessed manuscripts of
ancient Greco-Roman literary works
• After the Turkish conquest, these scholars migrated to Italian cities, bringing their manuscripts with them.
• They began to spread to libraries.
• Wealth and political freedom created a fertile ground for artistic innovation and
cultural experimentation.
• Novel ideas began to emerge in the cultural and intellectual spheres.
13.What is the difference between scholasticism and Humanism ?
• Scholasticism is a Philosophy, which was deeply rooted in Christian theology.
• It encouraged knowledge and research.
• It prioritised the divine and the afterlife.
• Humanism emerged as a departure from Christian theology.
• Emphasis on human experience, worldly life and rational inquiry.
• It encourages the uniqueness, emotions, capabilities, literary
expression, and communication skills.
14. How did the emergence of humanism impact the course of world history?
• People began to read ancient Greco-Roman works.
• Humanists produced works in regional languages.
• Created paintings and sculptures in the Greco-Roman style.
• Greco-Roman art depicted Gods, the wealthy, and the powerful in all its beauty
and splendour.
• Humanism later became a source and inspiration for transformative changes across various spheres, including painting, architecture, literature, politics, history, science, and religion.
15. What were the features of Renaissance Paintings?
• Landscapes
• The use of colour to illustrate light and spatial depth
• Realistic depiction of the human body
• The use of oil paint
• Portraits
• The representation of divine figures in idealised human forms
16. Features of Renaissance Paintings
Middle Age paintings tend to emphasise spiritual themes, such as angels and heavenly realms, whereas Renaissance paintings focus on the beauty of the human form, originality, and a naturalistic use of colours.
•Landscapes
• The use of colour to illustrate light and spatial depth
• Realistic depiction of the human body
• The use of oil paint
• Portraits
• The representation of divine figures in idealised human forms
17. Sculpture in Renaissance Period
Eg: Cathedral in Florence ( Greco-Roman Style )
Lofty towers and St.Peter’s Basalica ( Gothic Style )
18. Characteristics of Renaissance Literature ?
• Renaissance writers gave importance to individual liberty and secular values.
• Renaissance literature was its breaking away from the scholasticism of the Middle
Ages.
• Renaissance writers chose to produce their works in regional languages.
• Prose literature gained prominence
19. List out the Renaissance writers and their works ?
Dante - ‘ The Divine Comedy’ ( reflects human emotions, patriotism, fascination
for natural phenomena )
Petrarch – Sonnets ( reflected a bold and unique style )
Boccaccio - The Decameron
Niccolò Machiavelli - ‘ The Prince’ ( political thoughts.) ( He advocated that a
head of state should remain impartial and avoid showing
favouritism or obligation to specific groups among the
subjects )
Cassandra Fedele - She earned a name through her writings and speeches,
emphasising the importance of providing higher education to women.
20. Renaissance extended beyond Italy, impacting the literature of other countries. look at some of them
Author |
Work |
Country |
Erasmus Geoffrey Chaucer Thomas More Miguel de Cervantes François Rabelais |
In Praise of Folly Canterbury Tales Utopia Don Quixote Gargantua and Pantagruel |
Netherlands England England Spain France |
21.What could have been the influence of the printing press on the society of that period?
• Dissemination of knowledge
• Progress in literacy
• people started reading literary works extensively.
• Accelerating the spread of ideas
• Cultural transformation
22.Who invented the Printing Press ?
• Johannes Gutenberg
23. Elucidate the role of Renaissance in making historiography scientific ?
• During the Middle Ages, the prevailing notion was that historical events were
divinely ordained and the course of history was governed by supernatural powers.
This perspective lost its relevance during the Renaissance period.
• Instead, human-centered explanations and interpretations gained recognition.
• Renaissance was the growing importance of archaeological evidence and relics.
• Critical thinking gained significance in history
• Scientific enquiry and studies replaced stories and myths
24.Discuss the contribution made by Renaissance science to the progress of modern society ?
• Until the 16th century, the belief that the earth was the centre of the universe
prevailed.
• These lines refer to the attempts made by Galileo, who challenged and negated the geocentric belief.
• Remarkable transformations took place in the field of astronomy.
• Scientists put forward a groundbreaking view that planetary motions are governed by material forces.
• The geocentric model of Ptolemy,challenged by Nicolaus Copernicus.
• He presented a revolutionary argument that the centre of the
universe is not the Earth, but the Sun.
Through his observations, Copernicus demonstrated that the Earth and the other
planets revolve around the Sun.
• This was expanded upon by Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler.
• Renaissance also witnessed significant advancements in the field of medicine,
particularly anatomy.
• Conducted research on the causes of diseases and tried to develop remedies.
25. The influence of humanism became the reason for Reformation, justify this statement ?
• The influence of the Renaissance extended to the realm of religion also in Europe.
• Humanists protests against certain practices and beliefs within the Catholic Church
• One contentious issue was the sale of indulgences, where the Church would collect money from believers.
• Johann Tetzel, a Dominican monk, arrived in Germany to promote the sale of
indulgences.
• Martin Luther, a priest, responded by pasting his famous 'Ninety-Five Theses'
on the doors of the Wittenberg Cathedral.
• This pivotal event marked the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
26. Reformation – Country and Leaders
27. What were the Impact of Reformation?
• The sale of indulgence was banned.
• A list of books (The Index) that should not be read by the believers, was published.
• The court of inquisition was reinstituted.
• Counter Reformation started .
28. What do you meant by Counter reformation ?
• Following the Reformation, the Catholic Church initiated efforts to reform itself, a movement known as the Counter-Reformation.
• Ignatius Loyola, a Spanish priest, also played a prominent part in Counter
Reformation.
• Counter Reformation succeeded in eliminating a number of wrong tendencies in the Catholic Church.
• Counter Reformation is also known as Catholic Reformation.
29.Examine features of Renaissance art
Artists |
work |
features |
Leonardo da Vinci |
The Last Supper’ and ‘Mona Lisa |
These paintings speak of the unique way in which da Vinci harmonises colour, shadow and light |
Raphael |
|
portrayed humans as wise, moderate, and dignified |
Masaccio |
|
characterised by their round in shape and seemed to protrude from the surface, showcased human figures engaging in everyday life experiences. |
30.Examine features of Renaissance Sculpture
Donatello |
David-a youthful figure standing with his weight shifted onto one leg. Gattamelata-a soldier sitting on horseback, evoking the cavalrymen of ancient Rome |
Michelangelo |
PietĂ -portrays Virgin Mary, with Jesus Christ on her lap David- An anatomical body of a man |